James a



4 JQAQ SCLLTONl HEATING AND VBNTLATNG'APARATUS AND SYSTEM.

Patented Feb. 3,1891.

(NcMndel-.y H

:n afnam-umu Aswwrvu UNITED STATES v PATENT OEEICE.l

JAMES A. SKILTON, OF BROOKLYN, NEV YORK.

HEATING AND VENTILATING APPARATUS AND SYSTEM.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 445,763, dated February3, 1891 Application tiled November 2 1889. Serial No. 329,040. (Nomodel.)

To @ZZ whom t may concern:

Be it known that I, J AMES A. SKILTON, ofthe city of Brooklyn, county ofKings, and State of New York, have invented a new and useful Improvementin Heating and Ventilating Apparatus, Systems, and Arts, of which thefollowing is a specification, and for which I have obtained no foreignLetters Patent Whatever.

My invention relates to steam or hotwvater radiators and particularly tosuch radiators provided with open or perforated hollowsteambases adaptedto be located in the rooms or suites of rooms to be heated, or heatedand ventilated, and also to devices associated therewith for creatingand controlling currents lof steam or hot water in circuit-pipes and ofair in and through the heating-chamber and the room. y

The direct objects of my invention, so far as the immediate apparatus isconcerned, are to provide a simple means for controlling, limiting, anddirecting the radiating action of the radiator, for increasing themovement and work of the steam or hot-water circulation in the radiator,for increasing the efficiency of the radiator by bringing a largeramount of air in contact with it in a given time, and thereby increasingthe area it will heat, for increasing the proportion of heating done byconvection and diminishing that done by radiation in the room, forincreasing the movement ot air within the room and to and fromtheradiator, for u nmaskin g masked portions of the radiator, for maskingor pre-- venting the action of certain portions of it upon the adjacentair, and for directing air circulation so as to intercept, warm, anddis* tribute the currents of fresh air entering the room by, through,around, or under a window, window-sash, or other aperture. I attainthese objects by the mechanism illustrated in the accompanying drawings,in whichp the same; and Fig. o

Figure l is a vertical sectional view of the radiator, radiator-case,windo\v-seat, and window. Fig. 2 is a horizontal sectional View of is afront View of the radiator-easing, base, and top.

,Similar letters `relate to similar parts throughout the several views.`

In another application, Serial N o. 329,039, tiled November2, 1889,[have shown the radi,-

or divided hollow' base, which contains a snpply of steam and allows airto pass through the bottom of the base, as alreadyin use, and into theheating-chamber formed bythe casing when applied thereto, as shown anddescribed herein. 'lhe radiator used may be either of the steam orhot-water variety.

R is the radiator, the upright doulole tubes T ot which may be of theform shown or of any usual form. y

B is the base, provided with an open, perforated, or divided steam orhot-water chamber or chambers in the base.

C is an outside or external casing composed, preferably, of sheet metal,surrounding the radiator-pipes or upright tubes resting upon the base B,so as to form a heating-chamber and preferably continuous or Withoutopenings, exeept at the top and bottom, as originally made, and beforebeingplaced ,on .the base.

casing O rests, only partly closes the bottom of the casing. The openingO through the base may be of any usual form or any form permitted by theconstruction of the base and radiator pipes but I prefer the form shownat O in Figs. l and 3, for the reason that it furnishes the means forreadily connecting the external and internal air-iiues therewith, and isso located between the rows of tubes that the incoming air will strikethe inner sides ot' all the double tubes T, and, by abstracting the heatfrom the steam or water or condensing the steam therein, aid inproducing a circulation in nnmasking the adjacent and otherwise maskedsides of the double tubes, &c. There it is desired to use a base havingholes through it located here and there, or to improve a radiator ofthat kind already made or in use, the box or Hue D may be made withoutatop or an extension up# IOO ward, as into the opening O, or, in otherwords, be left open between the corners M and M', where the box D willthen make joint with the bottom of the base B, and permit the incoming'air to pass upward through any number of holes in and through the baseand into the heating-chamber, or the connection between the base and thebox D may be made in any usual manner.

A is a cold-air chamber opening at one end under a window-sash and atthe other into a flue F, provided, preferably, with a damper F', andconnected with an inclosed box or ilne D, leading to or into the openingO. The flue F may be extended to the window-opening as a directcontinuous 'tlue to receive the air from without and conduct it throughthe box D into the casing C; but I prefer the cold-air chamber A, asbest calculated to furnish a cold-air supply in sufficient quantity andat a low level, from which it may be readily drawn into the casing underall circumstances. At the front side the flue or box D is provided witha slide or register S to close or open thel flue to the inner air of theroom. At top the casing may carry the ordinary radiator ornamental cap Ewith or without the register G, ora cap of any other form provided witha register for opening or closing the top of the radiator-easing. lnsome cases the original topl will go over the top of the casing, inothers the casing will be outside the lower flange of the top, or thetop edge of the easing may be drawn in to receive the cap, with its liange outside the ease.

rlhe operation of the apparatus is as tollows: When fresh airlromwithout is desired, the window is raised so as to open the coldair box Aand admit ai r to the heating-chambe-r through the flue F and opening O.Since the cool air is admitteddirectl y into the space between thedouble tubes T T, the steam of the adjacent passages thereof will firstand in the largest degree part with its heat to the incoming'air, andthereby establish a downward current in one passage and an upwardcurrent i-n the other associated passage of each tube. rlhe casing Cwillmask the outer passages and to some extent help to maintain a higherheat therein than in the inside passages, thus accelerating thecirculation and promoting the rapidity of action'and increasing both thevolume of heat delivered to the incoming air by the radiator and theamount of air passing to be heated. The steam-base, through which theincoming air enters, being at high heat and provided with a large supplyot steam (or hot water where water is used) will give the air a strongand immediate` upward tendency that will increase the speed of thecurrent of air without the use ot' a blower, and when desired diaphragmsmay be used to deflect the current of air or detain-the air, make itpass over a larger heating-surface by moving laterally within theheating-chamber, and thus insuring the heating ot it, say, in caseswhere the tubes T are not or cannot bc suit-ably made very high. Thesediaphragms P and P' are shown in sectional view in Fig. l. Thediaphragms P, one or more in sets on each side ot the chamber, are solocated as to detain the air or check its upward course along the sidesor legs of the loops which are to be kept the hottest, and thediaphragms P', one or more, are located adjacent to the sides or legsAof the loops which are expected to be the coolestiand from which theheat is to be taken in greatest quantity by the air-current passingthrough the chamber, but should not beso wide as to interfere too muchwith the air or deflect it against the other sides or legs of the loopsthat are to be kept the hotter of the two,but only be placed near enoughto these legs on each side to insure sufficient deflection to make allthe air pass near to them or make contact and take heat therefrom. Thesediaphragms should be supported by lugs L on the inside of the casing, asshown, or in any usual manner. lVhen it is desired to heat only the airot' the room, without special ventilation, the windowsash being shutdown, the air may be admitted to the hcating-chamber through the slideor register S and by the way of the opening O. The air will then passupward through the heating-chamber, acting in proportion totemperatures, as described in the case of the admission of external air.In both cases the direct radiation of heat beyond and outside of thecasing willbe decreased or cutoff, rst, by the reflection of the casinginwardly, and, second, by the taking up of the radiated heat from thetubes and base by the rapidly-mow' ing` air, conduction and convectionbeing substituted for radiation. lf the damper or valve F' is left openwhen the windowsash is pushed down, air will continue to pass down intothe chamber A, and thence into the heating-chamber, mingling with theair entering through the registerS. At times this will be foundadvantageous, since air entering around the windowr willbe drawn throughthe apparatus; but, when desired, the valve F' being closed, air canonly iind entrance through the register S, and local air circulationwill then be established and maintained as long as desired.

One object in placing a register in the top of the casing is that byclosing the top the attendant may be able to prevent the passage of air,check the transfer of heat thereto, and hold the temperature of theradiator steady, so as to act back on the boiler or source lof heat inpreventing waste of heat. The same results in kind, it not in quantity,may be accomplished by closing the register S and the damper F',whereupon but com-paratively little heat will be carried away from theradiator, or but alimited areain the room will be aitected thereby. g I

By using a casing, an air-chamber, and the closing devicesk thusdescribed, in combination with a radiator having a perfor-ate base, aradiator already set u p without other IOO IIO

change may be made capable of heating a much larger room-space thancould be heated by the radiator without that combination.

The radiator, as shown herein, consisting of the hollow perforatestcambase, upright tubes and cap or cover, and constituting part of theelements of this invention, is old and `in common use, except as toposition of This invention consists in the various combinations of theoutside casing forming a heating-chamber, the ai r-flues, chambers, andboxes, their closing devices, and the top register, with this oldradiator or these old ele- 1 ber and at the same time permits directradiation from a part of the same base, and also into the lower part ofthe room or compart ment in which it stands and where it will be usefulin warming the feet by downward and lateral radiation without theobjectionable effects incident to radiation from the upper part of theradiator, gives direct control over the currents of air entering lthechamber and within it, so as to aid in promoting its own circulation,and also that of the steam or hot water; or, in other words7 increasesthe eiiieiency of the entire apparatus, while diminishing theobjectionable effects of the naked radiator to such an extent that aperson may sit almost in contact with the casing while the apparatus isin full operation without being annoyed or made uncomfortable byexcessive radiated heat or otherwise; permits the masking of tubes thatare unmasked in the naked radiator and in the radiator covered by alarger casing resting on the floor; permits the unmasking of tubes thatare by an out-side case or jacket open at top and A forming aheating-chamber is that the air which is admitted through one or moreopenings in the base may be hea-ted. by being brought in contact.primarily or principally with one side or leg of the double pipes ortubes, so as to take a greater portion of heat from such side or leg,and thereby lowering the temperature of the heating medium therein belowthat of the other side or leg to increase the circulation of the heatingmediumin the pipes or tubes. i

The object of combining a radiator with circulating return-tubes and acasing forming a heating-chamber around the same is to thereby improvethe circulation of such tubes by accelerating the movement of theheating medium through the controlled action of the air passing throughthe herding-chamber to be heated and during the process of such heating.

, The object of combining a radiator provided with circulating tubeswith a casing forming a heatingchamber around the same and with one ormore diaphragms or sets of diaphragrns is to improve the circulation insuch circulating-tubes by detaining and deflecting the currents of airpassing through the heating-chamber, so as to abstract more heat fromone limb of the tube than from the other.

Vhere a radiator located in the room to be heated and inclosed in acasin g larger in crosssection than the steam-base and forming aheating-chamber in the usual way, as heretofore made, has been usedeither for heating' the air of ther-oom or for heating and at the sametime Ventilating the room by means of air introduced from the outsidethrough the heatingchamber so formed, the difficulty has .been to getsufficiently strong and rapid 1notion of thc air through theheating-chamber to send it to a distance in the room, te draw the airinto the chamber, or to force the bad air of the room out by fines orotherwise. The consequence is that only a comparatively small area canbe heated or ventilated bysucli a chamber, for the reason that thechamber used is too large and contains so much air that only a part canmake contact. Much of it must depend forits heat upon thepoor method ofradiation, and consequently the forcing and pumping power of the chamberis small. It has, therefore, been found necessary to use blowers andexpensive associated machinery for the purpose of forcing air-currentsinto, through, and out of rooms.

The principle of my new or improved system is that by reducing the sizeof the chamber below that heretofore used and considered necessary Iobtain strong and rapid motion of the air, and thereby compel the air tomake contact with the heatingsurfaces and abstract the heat therefrom bydirect contact and conduction as much as possibleand with littledependence on radiation to warm the air. In other words, I use theprinciple of high tension. Where such contact is made, the air need notbe delayed to secure efficient action, since heat is instantly imparted,thereby developing a state of high tension and quick and strong action.lVith increased rapidity and strength of movement I secure the` means ofsending the air to a greater distance in the room after it is heated.and of IIO - blo-wers and other expensive apparatus.

drawing the air to be heated from a greater distance, and consequentlyam able to heat rooms of larger size by the use of radiators of the samepower or without increasing the size of the radiator and without the aidof At the same time the rapidly-moving air, taking up the heat bycontact and conduction and absorbing one mode of motion or changing itinto anot-her, prevents the heating of the outer casing to such anextent that the hand or person will not suffer when in contact with thecasing as they would at the same distance from the radiator if the casingwere absent. I reduce the chamber in this instance and effect thehigh-tension heating described by resting the lower edge of the casingon the hollow steam-base in close proximity to the upright pipes,thereby leaving small air-space in the chamber and compelling all theair to either make contact or pass very near to the hot surfaces and toreceive heat quickly and also coincidently strong upward impulse. Inthis way I secure the same superior heating effects in transferring theheat to the air noticed when the hand is placed in direct contact with aheated surface as against those realized when the hand is held at somedistance away.v Where a hot-air furnace is located in a cellar andsupplies the rooms on upper floors with heated air in the usual way,there is a strong draft caused by long high fines full of heated air;but where the cased radiator is located in the room to be heated andobtains its air on the same level, as heretofore constructed, there isno such rapid movement of air, or rather where there are the usualspaces in the heating-chamber and the same heating surface heretoforeprovided a much smaller volume of air will be drawn through the chamberand heated and less power for air movement will be generated. I diminishthe size of the chamber in proportion to the heatingsurface, and therebyobtain more intensity of action and more power to heat and move the airin proportion thereto, and I use the power so gained to draw in air andforce air to a greater distance in the room and up or alongescape-Ventilating flues without the aid of fans or blowers.

Ventilation and the distribution of heated air in spaces to be heatedfinally resolve themselves into a question of heat and heat-power. Theuse of blowers to effect ventilation and distribution requires engines,extra boilers, other machinery, engineers, and other expense, all ofwhich it is my object to avoid by the use of a high-tensionheating-chamber, in which I obtain the power to move the air, force itup escape-fines, or send it wher'- ever itis wanted directly without theintervening use of other motor mechanisms, and therefore cheaply and bya method that can be easily understood, managed, and madel effective insmall or large rooms or buildings, where one radiator only or where manyare required, without the aid of experts and by persons of ordinaryintelligence.

I have described the radiator, hollow perfor-ate base, upright tubes,and cap or cover shown as old and in common use; but as' formerly usedthe upright tubes were placed at right angles to the positions shown anddescribed herein. I have changed their positions so that one leg islocated adjoining'or adjacent to the opening O and the airline or spaceabove it, and the other leg is removed as far as possible therefrom andtherefore out of the direct air-current passingthrough theheating-chamber. The object of this new disposition of the doublecirculating-tubes is to avoid taking the heat equally from both legs, asformerly, to take it principally from one leg of the double orcirculating pipe, and thereby differentiate the pressure in the two legsand increase the flowvv of the two cur ren ts-viz., that of the heatingm edium, steam or water, and also that of the air being heated.

In the application already mentioned and filed at the same time withthis application, the base being i mperforate, the air is admitted tothe heating-chamber through the casing above the base and so as to comein contact only with its top. In this application, however, the basebeing perforate or open, an advantage is obtained by admitting the airthrough the base vertically, preferably in its center, where it willmeet the hottest surfaces, and whence it may pass directly upwardbetween the double tubes in such a way as to abstract the heat morelargely from one limb of lthe tubes than from the other. By the wordsperforate,7 open, and divided, relating to the hollow base, I meanperforate orv open tothe free passage of ain therethrough. I consider ita fault in previous constructions, in which a casing has been usedaround a radiator as a heatingchamber, that the casing has been placedtoo far from the radiator-tubes' or other radiatingsurfaces, and,therefore, made too large to produce the required amount ofpropellingpower in or upon the air passing through the heating-chamberand the required convection-power for heating purposes. This fault Iavoid by making the chamber of such a size that the area of a horizontalsection of the casing will be smaller than that of the base, so as tobring the casing close to the tubes or pipes, and thereby obtainysubstantial gains in both respects. This is one of the objects ofresting the easing directly on the base in the manner shown anddescribed. l

I have filed three other applications, which are now pending, and inwhich are shown as elements a casing or jacket, a radiator with a hollowbase, and other elements. These applications are as follows: Serial No.265,838, filed March l, 1888; Serial No. 273,821, filed May 14, 1888,and Serial No. 329,039,r filed November 2,1889. In the last-mentionedappli- IOO IIO

cation all the comlfiinations require or are limited to a radiator witha hollow or chambcred base or to a base and associated tubes connectedtherewith. In this application the limitation is to a perforate base asone of the elements of the invention. All the inventions not s et forthnor allowed in the claims as finally presented and allowed in this norin the three applications above mentioned are disclaimed so far as thisapplication is concerned and in favor of application, Serial No.265,838, and all the inventions set forth in the claims of said threeapplications as finally allowed are also disclaimed as to thisapplication.

I do not desire to limit this invention to the use of pipes, tubes, orchannels for receiving steam or hot water from the base of anyparticular size or of any particular proportions relative to the base sofar as the chambers and passages are concerned.

What I claim as my invention isl. A steam or hot-water radiator having aperforated hollow base for the passage of air through the same andpipes, tubes, or channels receivingtheir supply of steam or hot waterfrom the hollow base surrounded with an outside casing or'jacket restingupon the base and forming a heating-chamber, into which air is admittedthrough the base.

i. A steam or hot-water radiator having' an open or perforated basechambered for steam or hot water audtubes, pipes, or channels suppliedwith steam or hot water therefrom, provided with an outside casing orjacket around the same, forming a heating-chamber partly closed by thebase, and connected with a :tluc leading from the open air through thebase.

3. A steam or hot-water radiator having' an open or perforated hollowbase and pipes, tubes, or channels receiving their supply of steam orhot water therefrom, provided with a jacket or casing around theradiator, forming a heating-chamber partly closed by the base, andconnected with a tine leading from the air of the room int-o the chamberthrough the base.

+L. A steam or hot-water radiator having an open or perforated basechambered forsteam or hotwater and pipes, tubes, or channels connectedwith and supplied therefrom, provided with a casing or jacket around thesam e, forming a heating-chamber partly closed by the base, andconnected with a valved flue leading from the open air through the base.

5. A steam or hot-water radiator having an open or perforated hollowbase and pipes, tubes, or channels connecting therewith, provided withan outside jacket or casing around the radiator, formin gaheating-chamber part- 1y closed by thc base, and connected with a valvedflue leading from the air of the room into the chamber through the base.

6. A radiator surrounded by a jacket or casing resting upon a hollowperforated base which is provided with connecting pipes, tubes, orchannels, and forming a heatingchamber which receives the air to beheated through the base, in combination with an airbox connected withilues or chambers leading from the outer'air, and also from the innerair oi' the room into and through the base and into the heating-chamber.

7 L A steam or hot-water radiator having an open or perforated hollowbase and pipes, tubes, or channels connecting with and suppliedtherefrom, provided with an outside jacket or casing resting upon thebase and forming a heating-chamber into which air is admitted throughthe base by tlues or chambers connecting with the outer and innerair,respectively, each of which is provided with independent opening andclosing devices.

S'. A heating-chamber formed by an outside jacket or casing around aradiator, in combination with aperforated hollow radiator base and topor cover, the jacketor casing resting on the base, surrounding thepipes, tubes, or channels connecting therewith, receiving theai r to beheated through the base, and delivering it into the room through the topor cover.

9. A steam or hot-water radiator consisting of a hollow or chamberedbase and double or circulating pipes or tubes connected therewith,surrounded by a jacket or casing resting upon or supported by the baseand forming a heating-chamber intowhich air is admitted through openingsor perforations through the base leading into the spaces between themutually masking circulating pipes or tubes.

l0. The following elements in combination: irst, a hollow perforateradiator-base and upright pipes or tubes; second, a sheet-metal casingresting on the `radiator-base, `forming a heating-chamber, and, third, aradiator-top resting on or in the radiator-casing, as shown anddescribed.

ll. A steam or hot-water radiator having an open or perforated hollowbase, with pipes, tubes, or channels connecting therewith, provided withan outside jacket or casing around the radiator, forming aheating-chamber partly closed by the base, connected withavalvedoutlet-openingleading from the chamber into the room.

JAMES A. SKILTON.

'tnesses:

JOHN J. OCoNNoR, EDWARD S. BERRALL.

IOO

IIO

